Full bibliography

Portugal has rarely been at the center of Europe’s migration crisis — but in 2024, it became one of the continent’s biggest surprises. While much of Europe struggled with record arrivals, Portugal managed to cut irregular migration significantly without the chaos seen elsewhere. Through smarter border coordination, tighter visa enforcement, and new partnerships with North and West African countries, Lisbon quietly built one of the EU’s most efficient immigration systems. What was once a small coastal gateway has beco